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Disease Profile

Frasier syndrome

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

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US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

Childhood

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ICD-10

N04.1

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Categories

Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Endocrine Diseases; Female Reproductive Diseases;

Summary

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.
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Orpha Number: 347

Definition
A rare genetic, syndromic glomerular disorder characterized by the association of progressive glomerular nephropathy and 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis with a high risk of developing gonadoblastoma.

Epidemiology
To date, less than 150 cases have been described.

Clinical description
Nephropathy is the hallmark of the disease. It develops during childhood presenting as persistent proteinuria and subsequently steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the second or third decade of life. On renal biopsy, focal segmental glomeruloscrelosis (FSGS) is the most common histopathological finding. Individuals have a 46, XY karyotype and present with female external genitalia, complete gonadal dysgenesis and have a higher risk of gonadoblastoma. These individuals are later evaluated for delayed puberty or primary amenorrhea. Since (modest) breast development occurs also without estrogen stimulus, failure to recognize a delayed puberty is not rare. In addition, the clinical picture may be confused by attributing pubertal delay to previous immunosuppressive therapy, renal insufficiency itself or renal transplantation. Complete gonadal dysgenesis results in infertility, female external genitalia and presence of Mullerian structures. Wilms tumor is not common in individuals with Frasier syndrome.

Etiology
Frasier syndrome has been associated to specific pathogenic variants affecting nucleotides 4-5 of the intron 9 (previously referred to as IVS9+4; IVS9+5) in the WT1 gene (11p13). WT1 encodes for a protein that serves as regulatory transcription factor important both for renal and gonadal development.

Diagnostic methods
The diagnosis is suspected on childhood onset of progressive glomerulopathy with findings of FSGS on histological analysis. Phenotypic females with delayed puberty or primary amenorrhea, should be carefully evaluated for signs of nephropathy. When the clinical findings suggest the diagnosis of WT1 associated disorders, single gene testing of the hotspot 8-9 exons with adjacent introns can be performed. Karyotype testing is recommended for all individuals with WT1 intron 9 pathogenic variants.

Differential diagnosis
The main differential diagnosis is idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, and other WT1 associated diseases including Denys-Drash syndrome, genetic steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and disorders of testicular development.

Genetic counseling
Most affected individuals have a de novo pathogenic variant and hence negative family history; however, autosomal dominant inheritance has been reported. Where karyotyping is indicated, pre-testing genetic counselling on the possibility of detecting sex reversal should be offered.

Management and treatment
Management is multidisciplinary and should involve a nephrologist for management of chronic renal failure (initially with nephroprotective medical therapy and afterwards with renal replacement therapies or transplantation when ESRD occurs), an endocrinologists for treatment of associated disorder of testicular development, and oncologists and surgeons to evaluate the need for an early gonadectomy in order to prevent tumorigenesis. Preemptive bilateral gonadectomy at the time of renal transplant or placement of a peritoneal dialysis catheter might be an option.

Prognosis
There is limited information on life expectancy. After kidney transplantation, nephrotic syndrome does not recur. 46,XY individuals with complete gonadal dysgenesis are infertile.

Visit the Orphanet disease page for more resources.

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
100% of people have these symptoms
Ambiguous genitalia, male
Ambiguous genitalia in males
0000033
Glomerulopathy
0100820
Male pseudohermaphroditism
0000037
80%-99% of people have these symptoms
Decreased serum estradiol
0008214
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
0000097
Gonadal dysgenesis with female appearance, male
0008723
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
0000815
Increased circulating gonadotropin level
Elevated gonadotropins
Elevated serum gonadotropins
Gonadotropin excess

[ more ]

0000837
Primary amenorrhea
0000786
Proteinuria
High urine protein levels
Protein in urine

[ more ]

0000093
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
Gonadoblastoma
0000150
Hypertension
0000822
Nephrotic syndrome
0000100
Renal insufficiency
Renal failure
Renal failure in adulthood

[ more ]

0000083
Streak ovary
0010464
1%-4% of people have these symptoms
Nephroblastoma
0002667
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Autosomal dominant inheritance
0000006
Gonadal dysgenesis
0000133
Ovarian gonadoblastoma
0000149
Somatic mutation
0001428
Stage 5 chronic kidney disease
0003774

Diagnosis

Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Testing Resources

  • The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.

Learn more

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

Where to Start

In-Depth Information

  • The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
  • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
  • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Frasier syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.