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Disease Profile

Malignant hyperthermia

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

Unknown

US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

All ages

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ICD-10

T88.3

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

MH; Anesthesia related hyperthermia; Malignant hyperpyrexia;

Categories

Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Nervous System Diseases

Summary

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a severe reaction to certain gases used during anesthesia and/or a muscle relaxant used to temporarily paralyze a person during surgery. Signs and symptoms of MH include marked hyperthermia, a rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, acidosis, muscle rigidity, and breakdown of muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis). Without prompt treatment, MH can be life-threatening. People who are at increased risk for this reaction are said to have MH susceptibility. Susceptibility to MH may be caused by mutations in any of several genes and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. People with certain inherited muscle diseases (e.g., central core disease and multiminicore disease) also have MH susceptibility.[1][2]

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
Cardiomyocyte mitochondrial proliferation
0031320
Fever
0001945
Hypercapnia
High blood carbon dioxide level
0012416
Hyperphosphatemia
High blood phosphate levels
0002905
Intermittent painful muscle spasms
0011964
Malignant hyperthermia
0002047
Metabolic acidosis
0001942
Muscle stiffness
0003552
Supraventricular tachycardia
0004755
Tachypnea
Increased respiratory rate or depth of breathing
0002789
Ventricular tachycardia
0004756
5%-29% of people have these symptoms
Abnormality of masseter muscle
3000005
Abnormality of the coagulation cascade
0003256
Acute hepatic failure
Acute liver failure
0006554
Acute kidney injury
0001919
Acute rhabdomyolysis
0008942
Elevated creatine kinase after exercise
0008331
Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis
0009045
High-output congestive heart failure
0001722
Hyperkalemia
Elevated serum potassium levels
0002153
Myoglobinuria
0002913
Necrotizing myopathy
0008978
Ventricular extrasystoles
Extra heart beat
0006682
Do you have updated information on this disease? We want to hear from you.

Diagnosis

Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Testing Resources

  • The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.

    Treatment

    The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional.

    Management Guidelines

    • The European Malignant Hyperthermia Group has established guidelines for molecular genetic testing of malignant susceptibility and for in-vitro contracture testing. To read more, click on the link.
    • Orphanet Emergency Guidelines is an article which is expert-authored and peer-reviewed that is intended to guide health care professionals in emergency situations involving this condition.
    • Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety.

      FDA-Approved Treatments

      The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition. Learn more orphan products.

      Organizations

      Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.

      Organizations Supporting this Disease

        Learn more

        These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

        Where to Start

        • MedlinePlus was designed by the National Library of Medicine to help you research your health questions, and it provides more information about this topic.
        • Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Malignant hyperthermia. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
        • The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) has a report for patients and families about this condition. NORD is a patient advocacy organization for individuals with rare diseases and the organizations that serve them.

          In-Depth Information

          • GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.
          • Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
          • The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
          • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) lists the subtypes and associated genes for Malignant hyperthermia in a table called Phenotypic Series. Each entry in OMIM includes a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
          • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
          • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Malignant hyperthermia. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

            References

            1. Malignant Hyperthermia. Genetics Home Reference. 2007; https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/malignant-hyperthermia. Accessed 4/4/2011.
            2. Mark Davis, Danielle James, Neil Pollock, Henry Rosenberg, Kathryn Stowell. Malignant hyperthermia. Orphanet. April, 2007; https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=423. Accessed 6/30/2014.
            3. Henry Rosenberg, Nyamkhishig Sambuughin, Sheila Riazi, and Robert Dirksen. Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. GeneReviews. January 31, 2013; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1146/. Accessed 6/30/2014.

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